MqS European Migration: Push and Pull

In recent decades Europe has experienced periods of push and pull migration. Whereas pult migration has been seen as economically beneficial, there is concern that push migration will accelerate the employment crisis. This article qualifies this view by aigdng that migration may erode institutional constraints. The theoreticaX framework behind thts idea accounts for heterogeneous labor, monopoly union behawor, and unemployment with regulated migration. A review of empirical studies for Europe condudes that migration was largely beneficial in the past New econometric unestigations suggest hat immigration from countries that are targeted for recruitment was strongly driven by business cycle effects (demand-pull) and chain migration (supply-push), but that the processes changed with the halt in recruitment in 1973. Contrary to general expectations, flows of asylum seekers and refugees (supply-push) are also affected by relative economic conditions in the receiving countries.